The interest in stem cell research can date back to the
introduction and popularity of microscopes in the 18th century. http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/physics/microscopes/timeline/
Cells were recognized as the building blocks of life and in
the mid 1800’s the discovery was made that some cells could generate other cells.
Researchers found that various types of blood cells came
from a particular “stem cell”. In 1963, Ernest A McCulloch and James E Till
documented the first quantitative descriptions on self-renewing activities of
transplanted mouse bone marrow cells.
“In
1973 a moratorium was placed on government funding for human embryo research.
In 1988 a NIH panel voted 19 to 2 in favor of government funding. In 1990,
Congress voted to override the moratorium on government funding of embryonic
stem cell research, which was vetoed by President George Bush. President
Clinton lifted the ban, but changed his mind the following year after public
outcry. Congress banned federal funding in 1995. In 1998 DHHS Secretary
Sullivan extended the moratorium. In 2000, President Bill Clinton allowed
funding of research on cells derived from aborted human fetuses, but not from
embryonic cells. On August 9, 2001, President George W. Bush announced his
decision to allow Federal funding of research only on existing human embryonic
stem cell lines created prior to his announcement. His concern was to not
foster the continued destruction of living human embryos. In 2004, both houses
of Congress have asked President George W. Bush to review his policy on
embryonic stem cell research. President George W. Bush released a statement
reiterating his moral qualms about creating human embryos to destroy them, and
refused to reverse the federal policy banning government funding of ESC
research”.
On April 26,2005 the National Academies released “Guidelines
from Human Embryonic Cell Research and new guidelines and restrictions keep
producing up until December 3. 2008.
In 2009 President Obama removes barriers to responsible scientific
research involving human stem cells.
The main players include scientists, religious leaders,
government officials, investors, advocates, and potential patients.
The Republican platform opposes stem cell research while the
Democrats support the research. Opponents believe that the destruction of a
fertilized embryo for research purposes is immoral. Supporters disregard an
embryo that will never mature to become a living being is a morally unsound
act. The embryo in question could provide stem cells that in return could save
lives.
However, this debate is not always black or white. Some
support adult stem cell research, while others are against both embryonic and
adult stem cell research. Concerns are also present for those who support the
research such as technology and monetary abuse. The real question becomes whether
or not society can handle the new power responsibly rather than whether
progress is good or bad.